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    • Home 2 AC Powered EV Charger
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      • Back
      • Diode and RC Supressors
    • Automotive Fuses
    • Automotive Current Sensors
    • Meters for Electric Vehicle Chargers
    • E-Bike Technology
    • Split Core Current Transformers
    • Split Core AC Current Sensors with Process Outputs
    • DC Current Sensors with Process Outputs
    • Hall Effect Current Sensors
    • Hall Effect Current Sensors PCB Mount
    • Hall Effect Voltage Transducers
    • Din Rail Mount Energy Transducers
  • Process Control
    • Temperature/Humidity Controllers
      • Back
      • 48x24mm Panel Mount
      • 48x48mm Panel Mount
      • 48x96mm Panel Mount
      • 96x96mm Panel Mount
      • Dual Loop Temperature and Humidity
      • 98x48mm Indicators
      • Pattern Controllers
      • Limit Controllers
      • PWM Controllers
      • Refigeration Controllers
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      • Back
      • BSP Fittings and TC Cable
      • RTD's
      • Thermocouples
      • Bimetal Switches
      • Air Temp & Humidity Sensors
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      • Solid Core AC Current Transformers with Process Outputs
      • Split Core AC Current Transformers with Process Outputs
      • DC Current Sensors with Process Outputs
    • Motors & Motor Control
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      • Motor Protection Breakers
      • Motors, Alternators, Starter Motors
      • Speed Relays, Encoders, PWM Contactors
      • Din Rail Mount Contactors
    • Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC)
    • HMI Touch Screens
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    • Mechanical Relays
    • Hour Meters
    • Microswitches
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    • Phase Angle Power Controllers
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      • Thyristor (SCR Based)
      • Solid State Relay (SSR) Based
    • Burst Fire Power Controllers
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      • Thyristor (SCR Based)
      • Solid State Relay (SSR) Based
    • Accessories/Spare parts and OEM Power Controller card sets
    • Pulse Transformers
    • Power Factor Controllers
    • PWM Controllers (HVAC)
  • Power Quality
    • EMC Filters
    • IEC Power Sockets & Plugs
      • Back
      • Sockets with Filter
      • Socktes and plugs without Filter
    • Power Factor Correction
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      • 3 Phase PFC Capacitors
      • Single Phase PFC Capacitors
      • MV Power Factor Capacitors
      • Capacitor Duty Contactors
      • SVG Modules & Smart Capacitor Banks
      • PFC Controllers
      • Power Factor Meters and Transducers
      • Detuned Reactors
    • Pulse Transformers
    • Chokes
    • Smart Sub Meters and Power Quality Analysers
    • Utility Scale Meters
  • Electrical Measurement
    • Hall Effect Current Sensors/Transducers
      • Back
      • Split Core AC Current Sensors Process Output
      • Solid Core AC Current Sensors with Process Outputs
      • DC Current Sensor with Process Outputs
      • Panel Mount
      • Busbar Mount
      • Surface Mount
      • PCB Mount
      • Automotive Sensors
      • LEM Accessories
    • Hall Effect Voltage Sensors/Transducers
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      • PCB Mount
      • Panel Mount
    • Current Transformers
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      • Solid Core
      • Split Core
      • Solid Core with Process Output
      • Split Core with Process Output
      • Core Balance CT's
    • Rogowski Coils (Rope CT's)
    • High Frequency 20Mhz or DC Current Sensors
    • High Precision Hall Effect Sensors
    • Clamp On Current Sensors
    • Signal Conditioners
    • Din Rail Mount Transducers
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      • Current
      • Voltage
      • Power
    • Digital Panel Meters
    • Synchronometers
    • kWh Meters
    • Utility Smart Meters, Tariff, ICG Meters
    • Power Quality Meters and Analysers
    • Moving Coil Meter
    • DC Current Shunts
  • Power Capacitors
    • Snubber Capacitors
    • Power Factor Correction
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      • Medium Voltage up to 22kV
      • Single Phase 525V
      • 3 Phase 525V
    • DC Link & Electrolytic Capacitors
    • 3 Phase 525V Power Factor Correction Capacitors
  • Power Semiconductors
    • Bridge Rectifiers
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      • Single Phase
      • Three Phase
    • Isolated Power Modules
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      • Dual Diode Modules
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      • Single Thyristor(SCR) Modules
      • Common Cathode Modules
    • Stud Mount Diodes and Thyristors(SCR)
      • Back
      • Metric Stud Diodes & Thyristors(SCR)
      • Imperial Diodes and Thyristors(SCR)
      • Flat Base Diode and Thyristor(SCR)
    • Capsule (PUK) Devices
      • Back
      • Diode Capsules
      • Thyristor(SCR) Capsules
    • Press Fit Diodes
    • IGBT
      • Back
      • IGBT Devices
      • IGBT Drivers
    • Other Welding & Generator Diodes
    • Silicon Carbide Modules
    • Discrete Components (limited)
    • Semiconductor Fuses
      • Back
      • BS88 Style Fuse Links
      • European NH Style Fuses
      • Cartridge Fuses & DIN Rail Holders
      • Fuse Kits for Gear Tray
      • Solar Fuses for DC or AC
  • Solid State Relays
    • AC Control Solid Sate Relays
    • DC Control Solid Sate Relays
    • AC Switching Solid State Relays
    • DC Switching Solid State Relays
    • Proportional Phase/Burst SSR
    • 3 Phase Solid State Relays
    • Solid State Relay Heatsink
    • 3 Phase Solid State Relays On Heatsink
    • Solid State Relay & Heatsink Assembled
      • Back
      • AC Load
      • DC Load
      • 3 Phase
    • PCB Mount
    • Slimline & Socket Din Rail Mount
    • Solid State Contactors
    • Cartridge Fuses up to 125 Amp
  • Contactors
    • AC/DC Contactors (IP67K)
      • Back
      • TVS Supression Diodes
    • DIN Rail Mount AC Contactors
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      • Auxiliary Contacts
      • Thermal Overload Relays
      • Diode and RC Supressors
    • Miniature Contactors
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      • Auxiliary Contacts
      • Thermal Overload Relays
      • Diode and RC Supressors
    • Installation Contactors
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      • Auxiliary Contacts & Terminal Covers
    • Capacitor Duty Contactors
    • MV and HV Contactors
    • Solid State Contactors
    • Motor Protection Switches
  • Relays
    • Monitoring Relays
    • Standard DIN Rail Mount Relays
    • Slimline Relays & Sockets
    • Bistable Relays
    • Time Relays
    • Earth Leakage Relays
    • Diode and RC Supressors
  • Energy Monitoring
    • DIN Rail Mount Transducers
      • Back
      • Current
      • Voltage
      • Power
    • kWh Meters
    • Current Transformers
    • Rogowski Coils (Rope CT's)
    • Monitoring Relays
    • Synchrometers
    • Wi-LEM Wireless Energy Monitoring
    • Ergo Energy Monitoring Software
    • Smart Sub-Meters and Power Quality Analysers
    • Battery Monitoring
    • Digital Panel Meter
    • Utility Smart Meters, Tariff, ICG Meters
  • Electrical Protection
    • Semiconductor Fuses
      • Back
      • BS88 Style Fuse Links
      • European NH Fuses
      • Cartridge Semiconductor Fuses/DIN Rail Holders
      • Fuse Kits for Gear Tray or Heatsink Mounting
      • Solar Fuses (New)
      • Automotive Power Fuses
    • Appliance & IEC Fuses
    • Appliance Thermal Circuit Breakers
    • Varistors (MOV)
    • Diode & RC Supressors
    • Surge Protection Devices
    • Snubber Capacitors
    • Earth Leakage Relays
    • Monitoring Relays
    • Mechanical Relays
    • Solar Fuses for DC or AC
    • Motor Protection Breakers
    • Residual Current Device (RCD)
    • Miniature Circuit Breakers (MCB)
    • DC Miniature Circuit Breakers (MCB)
    • RCBO's
  • Switches
    • Solar and Battery Switches
    • Momentary Switches
    • Metal Line Switches
    • Bistable Switches
    • Emergency Start Stop Buttons
    • Motor Protection Breaker
    • Low Voltage Disconnect Switches
    • DC Circuit Breakers
    • Appliance Circuit Breakers
    • Bimetal Thermal Switches
  • Heat Sink
    • Heatsink Extrusions
    • Cooling Fans
    • Heatsink for SSR's
    • Water Cooled
    • Natural Cooled
    • Fan Cooled
    • Clamps, Paste, Hardware
  • Stack Assemblies
    • Solid State Contactors
    • Bridge Rectifier Stacks
    • Water Cooled Stacks
    • High Voltage Diode Arrays
    • Welder/Charger Rectifier Stacks
    • Repair Accessories for Stacks
  • Test Equipment
    • High Precision Current Sensors
    • Precision Potentiometers
    • Power Semiconductor Test Equipment
    • Portable Meters & Power Quality Analysers
    • Clamp On Current Sensors
    • Synchrometers
    • High Frequency 20MHz or High DC Current Sensor
  • Low Voltage Switchgear
    • Motor Protection Switch
    • DC Circuit Breakers
    • DC Disconnect Switches
    • Metal Line Switches
    • Din Rail Mount Contactors
    • Standard Relays and Sockets
    • Bistable Relays
    • Slimline Relays and Sockets
    • Appliance Thermal Circuit Breakers
    • AC Disconnect Switches
    • Moulded Case Circuit Breakers (MCCB)
    • Miniature Circuit Breakers (MCB)
    • Residual Current Circuit Breakers (RCCB,RCD)
    • RCD with Circuit Breaker (RCBO)
    • Distribution Board Enclosures
    • Panel Indicators
    • Emergency Stop Buttons
    • Installation Contactors
    • RC and Transient Supressors
  • Appliance Connectors, Switches and Fuses
    • IEC Fuses
    • Fuse Holders
    • Micro Fuses (PCB)
    • Thermal Circuit Breakers & Rocker Switches
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    • Metal Line Switches
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All Departments
  • E-Mobility
    • Home 2 AC Powered EV Charger
    • AC & DC Sealed Contactors
      • Back
      • Diode and RC Supressors
    • Automotive Fuses
    • Automotive Current Sensors
    • Meters for Electric Vehicle Chargers
    • E-Bike Technology
    • Split Core Current Transformers
    • Split Core AC Current Sensors with Process Outputs
    • DC Current Sensors with Process Outputs
    • Hall Effect Current Sensors
    • Hall Effect Current Sensors PCB Mount
    • Hall Effect Voltage Transducers
    • Din Rail Mount Energy Transducers
  • Process Control
    • Temperature/Humidity Controllers
      • Back
      • 48x24mm Panel Mount
      • 48x48mm Panel Mount
      • 48x96mm Panel Mount
      • 96x96mm Panel Mount
      • Dual Loop Temperature and Humidity
      • 98x48mm Indicators
      • Pattern Controllers
      • Limit Controllers
      • PWM Controllers
      • Refigeration Controllers
    • Temperature & Humidity Sensors
      • Back
      • BSP Fittings and TC Cable
      • RTD's
      • Thermocouples
      • Bimetal Switches
      • Air Temp & Humidity Sensors
    • AC/DC Current Sensors with Process Outputs
      • Back
      • Solid Core AC Current Transformers with Process Outputs
      • Split Core AC Current Transformers with Process Outputs
      • DC Current Sensors with Process Outputs
    • Motors & Motor Control
      • Back
      • Motor Protection Breakers
      • Motors, Alternators, Starter Motors
      • Speed Relays, Encoders, PWM Contactors
      • Din Rail Mount Contactors
    • Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC)
    • HMI Touch Screens
    • Signal Conditioners
    • Timers
    • Monitoring Relays
    • Rotary Encoders
    • Pressure/Pneumatic Components
    • Mechanical Relays
    • Hour Meters
    • Microswitches
  • Power Control
    • Phase Angle Power Controllers
      • Back
      • Thyristor (SCR Based)
      • Solid State Relay (SSR) Based
    • Burst Fire Power Controllers
      • Back
      • Thyristor (SCR Based)
      • Solid State Relay (SSR) Based
    • Accessories/Spare parts and OEM Power Controller card sets
    • Pulse Transformers
    • Power Factor Controllers
    • PWM Controllers (HVAC)
  • Power Quality
    • EMC Filters
    • IEC Power Sockets & Plugs
      • Back
      • Sockets with Filter
      • Socktes and plugs without Filter
    • Power Factor Correction
      • Back
      • 3 Phase PFC Capacitors
      • Single Phase PFC Capacitors
      • MV Power Factor Capacitors
      • Capacitor Duty Contactors
      • SVG Modules & Smart Capacitor Banks
      • PFC Controllers
      • Power Factor Meters and Transducers
      • Detuned Reactors
    • Pulse Transformers
    • Chokes
    • Smart Sub Meters and Power Quality Analysers
    • Utility Scale Meters
  • Electrical Measurement
    • Hall Effect Current Sensors/Transducers
      • Back
      • Split Core AC Current Sensors Process Output
      • Solid Core AC Current Sensors with Process Outputs
      • DC Current Sensor with Process Outputs
      • Panel Mount
      • Busbar Mount
      • Surface Mount
      • PCB Mount
      • Automotive Sensors
      • LEM Accessories
    • Hall Effect Voltage Sensors/Transducers
      • Back
      • PCB Mount
      • Panel Mount
    • Current Transformers
      • Back
      • Solid Core
      • Split Core
      • Solid Core with Process Output
      • Split Core with Process Output
      • Core Balance CT's
    • Rogowski Coils (Rope CT's)
    • High Frequency 20Mhz or DC Current Sensors
    • High Precision Hall Effect Sensors
    • Clamp On Current Sensors
    • Signal Conditioners
    • Din Rail Mount Transducers
      • Back
      • Current
      • Voltage
      • Power
    • Digital Panel Meters
    • Synchronometers
    • kWh Meters
    • Utility Smart Meters, Tariff, ICG Meters
    • Power Quality Meters and Analysers
    • Moving Coil Meter
    • DC Current Shunts
  • Power Capacitors
    • Snubber Capacitors
    • Power Factor Correction
      • Back
      • Medium Voltage up to 22kV
      • Single Phase 525V
      • 3 Phase 525V
    • DC Link & Electrolytic Capacitors
    • 3 Phase 525V Power Factor Correction Capacitors
  • Power Semiconductors
    • Bridge Rectifiers
      • Back
      • Single Phase
      • Three Phase
    • Isolated Power Modules
      • Back
      • Dual Diode Modules
      • Dual Thyristor Modules
      • Thyristor(SCR)-Diode Modules
      • Single Diode Modules
      • Single Thyristor(SCR) Modules
      • Common Cathode Modules
    • Stud Mount Diodes and Thyristors(SCR)
      • Back
      • Metric Stud Diodes & Thyristors(SCR)
      • Imperial Diodes and Thyristors(SCR)
      • Flat Base Diode and Thyristor(SCR)
    • Capsule (PUK) Devices
      • Back
      • Diode Capsules
      • Thyristor(SCR) Capsules
    • Press Fit Diodes
    • IGBT
      • Back
      • IGBT Devices
      • IGBT Drivers
    • Other Welding & Generator Diodes
    • Silicon Carbide Modules
    • Discrete Components (limited)
    • Semiconductor Fuses
      • Back
      • BS88 Style Fuse Links
      • European NH Style Fuses
      • Cartridge Fuses & DIN Rail Holders
      • Fuse Kits for Gear Tray
      • Solar Fuses for DC or AC
  • Solid State Relays
    • AC Control Solid Sate Relays
    • DC Control Solid Sate Relays
    • AC Switching Solid State Relays
    • DC Switching Solid State Relays
    • Proportional Phase/Burst SSR
    • 3 Phase Solid State Relays
    • Solid State Relay Heatsink
    • 3 Phase Solid State Relays On Heatsink
    • Solid State Relay & Heatsink Assembled
      • Back
      • AC Load
      • DC Load
      • 3 Phase
    • PCB Mount
    • Slimline & Socket Din Rail Mount
    • Solid State Contactors
    • Cartridge Fuses up to 125 Amp
  • Contactors
    • AC/DC Contactors (IP67K)
      • Back
      • TVS Supression Diodes
    • DIN Rail Mount AC Contactors
      • Back
      • Auxiliary Contacts
      • Thermal Overload Relays
      • Diode and RC Supressors
    • Miniature Contactors
      • Back
      • Auxiliary Contacts
      • Thermal Overload Relays
      • Diode and RC Supressors
    • Installation Contactors
      • Back
      • Auxiliary Contacts & Terminal Covers
    • Capacitor Duty Contactors
    • MV and HV Contactors
    • Solid State Contactors
    • Motor Protection Switches
  • Relays
    • Monitoring Relays
    • Standard DIN Rail Mount Relays
    • Slimline Relays & Sockets
    • Bistable Relays
    • Time Relays
    • Earth Leakage Relays
    • Diode and RC Supressors
  • Energy Monitoring
    • DIN Rail Mount Transducers
      • Back
      • Current
      • Voltage
      • Power
    • kWh Meters
    • Current Transformers
    • Rogowski Coils (Rope CT's)
    • Monitoring Relays
    • Synchrometers
    • Wi-LEM Wireless Energy Monitoring
    • Ergo Energy Monitoring Software
    • Smart Sub-Meters and Power Quality Analysers
    • Battery Monitoring
    • Digital Panel Meter
    • Utility Smart Meters, Tariff, ICG Meters
  • Electrical Protection
    • Semiconductor Fuses
      • Back
      • BS88 Style Fuse Links
      • European NH Fuses
      • Cartridge Semiconductor Fuses/DIN Rail Holders
      • Fuse Kits for Gear Tray or Heatsink Mounting
      • Solar Fuses (New)
      • Automotive Power Fuses
    • Appliance & IEC Fuses
    • Appliance Thermal Circuit Breakers
    • Varistors (MOV)
    • Diode & RC Supressors
    • Surge Protection Devices
    • Snubber Capacitors
    • Earth Leakage Relays
    • Monitoring Relays
    • Mechanical Relays
    • Solar Fuses for DC or AC
    • Motor Protection Breakers
    • Residual Current Device (RCD)
    • Miniature Circuit Breakers (MCB)
    • DC Miniature Circuit Breakers (MCB)
    • RCBO's
  • Switches
    • Solar and Battery Switches
    • Momentary Switches
    • Metal Line Switches
    • Bistable Switches
    • Emergency Start Stop Buttons
    • Motor Protection Breaker
    • Low Voltage Disconnect Switches
    • DC Circuit Breakers
    • Appliance Circuit Breakers
    • Bimetal Thermal Switches
  • Heat Sink
    • Heatsink Extrusions
    • Cooling Fans
    • Heatsink for SSR's
    • Water Cooled
    • Natural Cooled
    • Fan Cooled
    • Clamps, Paste, Hardware
  • Stack Assemblies
    • Solid State Contactors
    • Bridge Rectifier Stacks
    • Water Cooled Stacks
    • High Voltage Diode Arrays
    • Welder/Charger Rectifier Stacks
    • Repair Accessories for Stacks
  • Test Equipment
    • High Precision Current Sensors
    • Precision Potentiometers
    • Power Semiconductor Test Equipment
    • Portable Meters & Power Quality Analysers
    • Clamp On Current Sensors
    • Synchrometers
    • High Frequency 20MHz or High DC Current Sensor
  • Low Voltage Switchgear
    • Motor Protection Switch
    • DC Circuit Breakers
    • DC Disconnect Switches
    • Metal Line Switches
    • Din Rail Mount Contactors
    • Standard Relays and Sockets
    • Bistable Relays
    • Slimline Relays and Sockets
    • Appliance Thermal Circuit Breakers
    • AC Disconnect Switches
    • Moulded Case Circuit Breakers (MCCB)
    • Miniature Circuit Breakers (MCB)
    • Residual Current Circuit Breakers (RCCB,RCD)
    • RCD with Circuit Breaker (RCBO)
    • Distribution Board Enclosures
    • Panel Indicators
    • Emergency Stop Buttons
    • Installation Contactors
    • RC and Transient Supressors
  • Appliance Connectors, Switches and Fuses
    • IEC Fuses
    • Fuse Holders
    • Micro Fuses (PCB)
    • Thermal Circuit Breakers & Rocker Switches
    • IEC Inlets & Sockets
    • IEC Inlets with Filters, Fuses, or Switches
    • Metal Line Switches
    • Thermoplastic Momentary Switches
  • DC Power Supplies
  • Communication Accessories
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  • E-Mobility
    • Back
    • Home 2 AC Powered EV Charger
    • AC & DC Sealed Contactors
      • Back
      • Diode and RC Supressors
    • Automotive Fuses
    • Automotive Current Sensors
    • Meters for Electric Vehicle Chargers
    • E-Bike Technology
    • Split Core Current Transformers
    • Split Core AC Current Sensors with Process Outputs
    • DC Current Sensors with Process Outputs
    • Hall Effect Current Sensors
    • Hall Effect Current Sensors PCB Mount
    • Hall Effect Voltage Transducers
    • Din Rail Mount Energy Transducers
  • Process Control Sale
    • Back
    • Temperature/Humidity Controllers
      • Back
      • 48x24mm Panel Mount
      • 48x48mm Panel Mount
      • 48x96mm Panel Mount
      • 96x96mm Panel Mount
      • Dual Loop Temperature and Humidity
      • 98x48mm Indicators
      • Pattern Controllers
      • Limit Controllers
      • PWM Controllers
      • Refigeration Controllers
    • Temperature & Humidity Sensors
      • Back
      • BSP Fittings and TC Cable
      • RTD's
      • Thermocouples
      • Bimetal Switches
      • Air Temp & Humidity Sensors
    • AC/DC Current Sensors with Process Outputs
      • Back
      • Solid Core AC Current Transformers with Process Outputs
      • Split Core AC Current Transformers with Process Outputs
      • DC Current Sensors with Process Outputs
    • Motors & Motor Control
      • Back
      • Motor Protection Breakers
      • Motors, Alternators, Starter Motors
      • Speed Relays, Encoders, PWM Contactors
      • Din Rail Mount Contactors
    • Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC)
    • HMI Touch Screens
    • Signal Conditioners
    • Timers
    • Monitoring Relays
    • Rotary Encoders
    • Pressure/Pneumatic Components
    • Mechanical Relays
    • Hour Meters
    • Microswitches
  • Power Control
    • Back
    • Phase Angle Power Controllers
      • Back
      • Thyristor (SCR Based)
      • Solid State Relay (SSR) Based
    • Burst Fire Power Controllers
      • Back
      • Thyristor (SCR Based)
      • Solid State Relay (SSR) Based
    • Accessories/Spare parts and OEM Power Controller card sets
    • Pulse Transformers
    • Power Factor Controllers
    • PWM Controllers (HVAC)
  • Power Quality
    • Back
    • EMC Filters
    • IEC Power Sockets & Plugs
      • Back
      • Sockets with Filter
      • Socktes and plugs without Filter
    • Power Factor Correction
      • Back
      • 3 Phase PFC Capacitors
      • Single Phase PFC Capacitors
      • MV Power Factor Capacitors
      • Capacitor Duty Contactors
      • SVG Modules & Smart Capacitor Banks
      • PFC Controllers
      • Power Factor Meters and Transducers
      • Detuned Reactors
    • Pulse Transformers
    • Chokes
    • Smart Sub Meters and Power Quality Analysers
    • Utility Scale Meters
  • Electrical Measurement
    • Back
    • Hall Effect Current Sensors/Transducers
      • Back
      • Split Core AC Current Sensors Process Output
      • Solid Core AC Current Sensors with Process Outputs
      • DC Current Sensor with Process Outputs
      • Panel Mount
      • Busbar Mount
      • Surface Mount
      • PCB Mount
      • Automotive Sensors
      • LEM Accessories
    • Hall Effect Voltage Sensors/Transducers
      • Back
      • PCB Mount
      • Panel Mount
    • Current Transformers
      • Back
      • Solid Core
      • Split Core
      • Solid Core with Process Output
      • Split Core with Process Output
      • Core Balance CT's
    • Rogowski Coils (Rope CT's)
    • High Frequency 20Mhz or DC Current Sensors
    • High Precision Hall Effect Sensors
    • Clamp On Current Sensors
    • Signal Conditioners
    • Din Rail Mount Transducers
      • Back
      • Current
      • Voltage
      • Power
    • Digital Panel Meters
    • Synchronometers
    • kWh Meters
    • Utility Smart Meters, Tariff, ICG Meters
    • Power Quality Meters and Analysers
    • Moving Coil Meter
    • DC Current Shunts
  • Power Capacitors
    • Back
    • Snubber Capacitors
    • Power Factor Correction
      • Back
      • Medium Voltage up to 22kV
      • Single Phase 525V
      • 3 Phase 525V
    • DC Link & Electrolytic Capacitors
    • 3 Phase 525V Power Factor Correction Capacitors
  • Power Semiconductors
    • Back
    • Bridge Rectifiers
      • Back
      • Single Phase
      • Three Phase
    • Isolated Power Modules
      • Back
      • Dual Diode Modules
      • Dual Thyristor Modules
      • Thyristor(SCR)-Diode Modules
      • Single Diode Modules
      • Single Thyristor(SCR) Modules
      • Common Cathode Modules
    • Stud Mount Diodes and Thyristors(SCR)
      • Back
      • Metric Stud Diodes & Thyristors(SCR)
      • Imperial Diodes and Thyristors(SCR)
      • Flat Base Diode and Thyristor(SCR)
    • Capsule (PUK) Devices
      • Back
      • Diode Capsules
      • Thyristor(SCR) Capsules
    • Press Fit Diodes
    • IGBT
      • Back
      • IGBT Devices
      • IGBT Drivers
    • Other Welding & Generator Diodes
    • Silicon Carbide Modules
    • Discrete Components (limited)
    • Semiconductor Fuses
      • Back
      • BS88 Style Fuse Links
      • European NH Style Fuses
      • Cartridge Fuses & DIN Rail Holders
      • Fuse Kits for Gear Tray
      • Solar Fuses for DC or AC
  • Solid State Relays
    • Back
    • AC Control Solid Sate Relays
    • DC Control Solid Sate Relays
    • AC Switching Solid State Relays
    • DC Switching Solid State Relays
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  • Fastron Electronics Store Home
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  • Overvoltage Protection Varistors (MOV's)
Article

Overvoltage Protection Varistors (MOV's)

  • Circuit Protection
  • 26 Apr, 2019
  • Posted by: Daniel Rehe

Varsi

 

How To Select Varistors - 3 Ways

  • selection of the varistors suitable for the operating voltage of the application
  • calculating the surge current, energy absorption and average power dissipation
  • the maximum possible voltage rise in case of overvoltage at the selected varistor we then compare with the electric strength of the component or circuit to be protected.

1st Step


To get the lowest possible protection level you should select a varistor type with a voltage rating which is adequate to the operating voltage of your application or lies only slightly above. You should also count on a possible increase in operating voltage, that is at least 10% on supply lines.

You can select varistors with higher operating voltage ratings as well, especially when an extremely low leakage current is more important than the lowest protection level possible.

2nd Step


As soon as we stated the maximum operating voltage, we've reduced the number of appropriate varistors to a maximum of 8 types - at 220 V ac, the 8 types of V250 (V250K5 -V250S40).
Now we need to define the loading which the varistor is to withstand. Then we must compare those values with the maximum permissible values, which are specified in our catalogue.

We can select any varistor having ratings for maximum surge current, energy absorption and average power dissipation that lie above the values determined for our application.


To avoid ambiguity in assignments of the circuit data and the varistor data we should make the following distinction:

  • maximum possible load values of the varistor, which result from the electrical specifications of the environment - identification marked with " ′ "
  • maximum permissible ratings of the varistor which are limited by its surge current and energy absorption handling capability - identification marked with "max"

The above stated we can see also from the following designations:

i′ ≤ imax
E′ ≤ Emax
P′ ≤ Pmax


When estimating the load values of a varistor we should assume the worst case condition that the varistor has to absorb the entire stored energy 1 2 Li2 of a switched-off coil. In this way we will always include an additional safety margin owing to losses in the othercomponents of the circuit.


2.1 SURGE CURRENT


The maximum surge current value of the varistor depends on the pulse width and the required number of repetitions. It can be taken from the derating curves, allowing for these two parameters.

The maximum possible surge current value we use then as basis for comparison.
The deratings specify maximum values for rectangular surge current waves. To enable the comparison with these maximum ratings, we should convert the actual surge current wave of any shape to an adequate rectangular wave. The easiest method is to use the graphical rectangle method shown below.

Varsi


At the peak value the surge current wave converts to a rectangle of equal area. tR is the duration of the equivalent rectangular wave and is the same as the pulse width in the derating curves. We need the period T for calculating the average power dissipation resulting from periodic energy input.
We could then conclude that it is the surge current which is required for selection and not the surge voltage wave causing this current.
The very low internal impedance of supply lines at operating frequency is very often used, incorrectly, to calculate the current's amplitude for travelling waves on power and transmission lines.
At frequencies in the kHz and MHz range the greater characteristic impedance of the line determines the ratio of surge voltage to current

Varsi
In the graph above you can see the typical values for a supply line.


2.2 ENERGY ABSORPTION


Energy absorption is associated with a surge current flowing through the varistor:
Varsi
We can solve this integral in graphical form by conversion to an equivalent rectangular current and voltage function.
If we have made the determination of the current (flowing through the varistor) with a storage oscilloscope and the conversion to an equivalent rectangle, then we can determine the energy absorption of the varistor by multiplication with the maximum voltage drop v′ occurring at the varistor:
Varsi
v′ - taken from the corresponding V/I curve as the value related to i′ or
- it can be determined by oscilloscope as the maximum voltage drop at the varistor.

If the overvoltages result from switching off inductors, the "worst-case" principle can also be used for calculating the required energy handling capability of the varistor. The value of the absorbed energy cannot be greater than the energy stored in the inductor:
Varsi
You should always include a safety margin owing to losses in other components of the circuit to be protected.
The duration of free-running processes (when switching off inductors) lie generally in the range of milliseconds. The energy values determined on the basis of equation can be compared with adequate accuracy with 2 ms tabulated values of the standard table in our catalogue ; since, in this case, the maximum absorption of the varistors is almost independent of the energy input time.
The above described comparison of energy values means that it is not necessary to determine the surge current and pulse width in accordance with

2.3 POWER DISSIPATION

If we have determined the varistors according to the previous steps, then the power dissipation, resulting from the applied operating voltage, is negligibly low.
If varistors absorb energy periodically, it is subject to the average power dissipation:


Varsi

E is the value of an individual absorption cycle - calculated on the basis of the rectangle method. According to the figure 1, T means the cycle time.
By solving this equation for T, it is possible to calculate the minimum time, which must elapse prior to a renewed energy absorption without exceeding the maximum average power dissipation of the varistor:
Varsi
Metal oxide varistors are less suitable for "static" continuous loading - voltage stabilisation.
For this purpose we should use components developed for continuous duty (Z diodes).


3RD STEP


The maximum possible voltage rise in the event of an overvoltage can be checked with the aid of the V/I characteristics. The value can be read off directly (for the most unfavourable position of the varistor in the tolerance field) if the surge current is known.
In case that the determined voltage value exceeds the electric strength of the components to be protected, we have those possibilities available (in order to lower the protection level):

  • Dispensing with the safety margin to a certain extent

          Example: For work at 220 V ac line voltage, choose varistors "V230"                       instead of "V250"

  • Improved matching to the operating voltage by series connection Example: 320 V ac line voltage + 10% results in approximately 350 V ac. In this case, we should select varistor type V385. However, if two varistors of type V175 are connected in series, this produces the behaviour of a V350 type with a 35 V lower protection level.


Selection of a closer tolerance field

We select, for example, a special type which utilises only the lower half of the standard tolerance field. This reduces the protection level by 10%.

Written By

VARSI, d.o.o.
Stegne 35
1521 Ljubljana
SLOVENIA

Edited By Daniel Rehe

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